Netinst debian что это

Обновлено: 30.06.2024

Недавно мне потребовалось установить Debian на старый компьютер найденый в закромах (AMD 650Mhz, 256Mb, 4.3G). Компьютер предназначался для работы в качестве роутера спутникового интернета, о настройке которого я напишу в другой статье.

В компе не было никакого оптического привода, а вытаскивать свой было лень.

Было принято решение ставить с флешки. Я использовал два способа:

Способ первый — UNetbootin (универсальный)

Вкратце, программа может сама скачивать популярные дистрибутивы, ей можно скормить ISO, или можно скормить сразу ядро с параметрами для вызова. После этого она сама скачает и распакует исошку (если надо), положит на флешку, и добавит загрузчик на флешку. Очень удобно и интуитивно.

Для загрузки с флешки Unetbootin использует загрузчик syslinux, с которым все хорошо, кроме того что он не понимает FAT32. Искать как отформатировать 4GB флешку в FAT под виндой мне было лень и я перешел к способу №2.

Способ второй — boot.img.gz (тестировал только Debian)

Для второго способа я использовал виртуальную машину с тем же Debian (да, я мог бы отформатировать флешку там, но мысль пошла в другую сторону :) ).

Берем с диска или скачиваем boot.img.gz для своего дистрибутива, после чего делаем так:

zcat boot.img.gz > /dev/sda

Вместо /dev/sda ваша USB флешка.

Теперь при загрузке с флешки запустится скрипт который будет искать все ISO на всех доступных ему дисках и предложит выбрать с какого грузится! В моем случае образ был только один и все прошло автомагически :) ~~Возможно, если в ISO будет другой дистрибутив (не Debian) все пойдет так же отлично.~~ (см. update)

Проблеммы: на флешке будет досупно чуть более 160Мb (можно что бы все место было доступно, см. update), поэтому поместить на нее что либо кроме netinst версии дистрибутива не получится, но так как я всегда использую именно его, меня это полностью устраивало.

Как решение проблеммы можно предложить вставить вторую флешку уже с полноценными ISO.

A network install or netinst CD is a single CD which enables you to install the entire operating system. This single CD contains just the minimal amount of software to start the installation and fetch the remaining packages over the Internet.

What's better for me — the minimal bootable CD-ROM or the full CDs? It depends, but we think that in many cases the minimal CD image is better — above all, you only download the packages that you selected for installation on your machine, which saves both time and bandwidth. On the other hand, the full CDs are more suitable when installing on more than one machine, or on machines without a free Internet connection.

What types of network connections are supported during installation? The network install assumes that you have a connection to the Internet. Various different ways are supported for this, like analogue PPP dial-up, Ethernet, WLAN (with some restrictions), but ISDN is not — sorry!

The following minimal bootable CD images are available for download:

Official netinst images for the stable release — see below
Images for the testing release, both daily builds and known working snapshots, see the Debian-Installer page.

Official netinst images for the stable release

Up to 300 MB in size, this image contains the installer and a small set of packages which allows the installation of a (very) basic system.

netinst CD image (generally 150-300 MB, varies by architecture)

netinst CD image (via bittorrent)

For information what these files are and how to use them, please see the FAQ.

Once you have downloaded the images, be sure to have a look at the detailed information about the installation process.

Unofficial netinst images with non-free firmware included

If any of the hardware in your system requires non-free firmware to be loaded with the device driver, you can use one of the tarballs of common firmware packages or download an unofficial image including these non-free firmwares. Instructions how to use the tarballs and general information about loading firmware during an installation can be found in the Installation Guide.

В компе не было никакого оптического привода, а вытаскивать свой было лень.

Было принято решение ставить с флешки. Я использовал два способа:

Способ первый — UNetbootin (универсальный)

Способ второй — boot.img.gz (тестировал только Debian)

Берем с диска или скачиваем boot.img.gz для своего дистрибутива, после чего делаем так:

zcat boot.img.gz > /dev/sda

Вместо /dev/sda ваша USB флешка.

Как решение проблеммы можно предложить вставить вторую флешку уже с полноценными ISO.

Setting up your virtual device

Note: Ignore this step if you are installing Debian on a physical computer. In such case start reading from “Debian 10 Buster Net Install”

Install the .deb package by running:

Launch VirtualBox, set your virtual OS name, type, distribution and architecture, in this case we select Linux and Debian, you can choose 64 or 32 bits according to your hardware.

In the second step you define que memory size, take into consideration your physical device will lack the amount you assign your virtual device while working. You should decide the memory size according to the use you’ll give to the virtual device and according to your hardware capability.

After defining the memory create a virtual hard disk, select the second option.

As hard disk type leave VDI and press Continue.

In this step you can define a fixed size for your virtual device, you can also leave it dynamic which means the virtual OS will use the free space of your hard disk upon need, in the next step you will be able to limit the maximum amount the virtual system can use, but only the needed space will be used in contrast to the fixed space option which will reserve the whole defined size for the virtual system without being available for the physical device (Host OS). In my case I left the default option Dynamic.

As said before here you define the maximum size the virtual OS can use. After defining it press Create and your virtual PC will be ready to start installing Debian.

After finishing you’ll see the virtual computer you created will be listed on VirtualBox, now just press Start to select our Net Install iso image you downloaded in the first step.

Now press on the folder icon to browse your computer.

Select the ISO image and press Open.

Once selected press Start.

Debian 10 Buster net install

Burn the ISO image or create a booteable USB stick. For instructions on creating a booteable USB read this tutorial. Then boot your computer giving priority to the device hosting your installation disk.

Once you boot your installation disk select Graphical Install.

In the next step select your preferred language.

Now select your location, which will define your timezone.

In this step you need to select your locale, this is important because determines the format in which certain information is defined, like time or currency. Usually US En is the best option for non American users due compatibility issues.

Now you need to select the keyboard map, this should be according to your keyboard origin, for example Spanish keyboards have different locations for some characters.

The installer will load the basic components to start the installation and configure the network to access packages in a future step.

The installation will request a hostname, you can choose it arbitrarily, this will be your computer’s name or identificator within the network.

Here you need to set your network domain name, this will be shared by all devices integrating your network, of course you can leave it blank too.

Now set your root password and press Continue.

Now we need to define a regular user, first fill the user real name, or any name you want to set and press Continue.

Now set your username and continue.

Set the password for the user you just created and press Continue.

The installer will configure some settings according to the information you provided until now.

In this tutorial I will leave all files within one partition, the reason to assign independent partitions for each file system is to manage the content easily, for example if you assign a specific partition for your /home directory you can later reinstall another system leaving your /home intact, or you can assign a specific partition for /var preventing logs from hoarding your whole disk.

Press Continue to write changes on your disk.

The installer will install needed files to continue the installation process.

Select any mirror you prefer and press Continue.

Now Debian will configure the apt packages manager and read the available software to install.

This step only asks if you want to share statistical information with developers, select any option you want and press Continue.

Now you can select all packages you want to be installed, in my case I only added GNOME. Browse the packages, select the ones you want and press Continue.

The installer will fetch all packages you selected, this is the longer step which takes several minutes depending on your network connection.

Select the hard disk in which GRUB will be installed, the same disk in which you installed Linux.

Now Linux is ready to boot, press Continue to end the installation process and to boot your new system.

When booting GRUB shows up, press ENTER to boot the system or it will boot automatically after a few seconds.

You can login and start using Debian 10 Buster.

Conclusion:

The Net Install process guarantees fresh packages and help us to avoid downloading huge DVDs containing unnecessary software. It is not the best option if you have connection problems, such as a low connection or non free internet but it is recommendable if your connection is good and if you need to install Debian in a single computer, for several devices the typical installation continues being the best option so you avoid downloading same packages many times.

I hope this tutorial helped you to get introduced to Debian, keep following LinuxHint for more tips and updates on Linux.

About the author

David Adams

David Adams is a System Admin and writer that is focused on open source technologies, security software, and computer systems.

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