Ubuntu precise что это
Обновлено: 04.07.2024
Ubuntu — самый популярный дистрибутив Linux. Оптимален для новичков, прост в установке. Репозитории Ubuntu имеют огромное количество программ и игр. Система полностью русифицирована.
Ubuntu отличается простотой установки и использования, хорошей русификацией, поддержкой большого числа оборудования, большим числом комьюнити.
Ubuntu включает в себя все необходимые программы и с ним можно сразу же приступать к работе.
Отличительной чертой дистрибутива Ubuntu является наличие огромного репозитория программ, которые очень просто установить. Рядовые пользователи, использующие Ubuntu, могут вообще не пользоваться командной строкой. Почти все основные действия по настройке Ubuntu выполняются в графическом режиме.
Разработка
Дистрибутив разрабатывается под контролем компании Canonical Ltd.
Среда рабочего стола
- С версии 4.10 по 10.10 — GNOME (Classic).
- С версии 11.04 по 17.04 — Unity (обзор интерфейса Unity).
- С версии 17.10 — GNOME 3.
Релизы и версии дистрибутива Ubuntu
Новые версии дистрибутива Ubuntu выходят два раза в год — в апреле и октябре.
Релизы Ubuntu имеют числовое обозначение вида — ГОД.МЕСЯЦ, соответствующие году и месяцу выхода релиза. Например, Ubuntu 18.10 вышла в октябре 2018 г.
Каждая новая версия поддерживается обновлениями в течение 9 месяцев (кроме LTS версий).
LTS-версии с долгосрочным сроком поддержки обновлениями
Два раза в год выпускаются версии LTS (Long Term Support).
LTS версии поддерживаются обновлениями в течение 5 лет.
Периодически выпускаются обновленные релизы LTS-версий. Для таких релизов к номеру версии добавляется еще одна цифра, например, Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS.
Название
Каждый релиз имеет кодовое имя. Кодовое имя состоит из двух слов — прилагательного и названия животного, причем слова начинаются на одну и ту же букву.
С версии Ubuntu 6.06 LTS первая буква каждого кодового имени меняется в соответствии с порядком букв в латинском алфавите.
Программы
Система устанавливается с предустановленным набором программ.
Основные предустановленные программы:
Пакеты и репозитории
Репозитории Ubuntu содержат огромное количество программ.
Системы для управления пакетами: apt и apt-get
Формат пакетов: DEB
Поддерживается: Snap, Flatpak, AppImage
Установка
Ubuntu может запускаться без установки на компьютер (Live-режим). Установка самой системы также выполняется из Live-режима.
Установка системы простая и выполняется в графическом режиме.
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Дистрибутивы, основанные на Ubuntu
Некоторые дистрибутивы, представленные в нашем каталоге, основанные на дистрибутиве Ubuntu или тесно связанные с ним:
Ubuntu is distributed on eight types of images described below.
Desktop CD
The desktop CD allows you to try Ubuntu without changing your computer at all, and at your option to install it permanently later. This type of CD is what most people will want to use. You will need at least 384MiB of RAM to install from this CD.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) desktop CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) desktop CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Server install CD
The server install CD allows you to install Ubuntu permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install a graphical user interface.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) server install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) server install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Alternate install CD
The alternate install CD allows you to perform certain specialist installations of Ubuntu. It provides for the following situations:
- setting up automated deployments;
- upgrading from older installations without network access;
- LVM and/or RAID partitioning;
- installs on systems with less than about 384MiB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
In the event that you encounter a bug using the alternate installer, please file a bug on the debian-installer package.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) alternate install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) alternate install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Wubi filesystem archive
This is a filesystem image downloaded by Wubi (a system which installs Ubuntu into disk image files on a Windows filesystem). You should not normally need to download it separately.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) Wubi filesystem archive For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) Wubi filesystem archive Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
A full list of available files, including BitTorrent files, can be found below.
If you need help burning these images to disk, see the Image Burning Guide.
Ubuntu is distributed on eight types of images described below.
Desktop CD
The desktop CD allows you to try Ubuntu without changing your computer at all, and at your option to install it permanently later. This type of CD is what most people will want to use. You will need at least 384MiB of RAM to install from this CD.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) desktop CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) desktop CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Server install CD
The server install CD allows you to install Ubuntu permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install a graphical user interface.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) server install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) server install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Alternate install CD
The alternate install CD allows you to perform certain specialist installations of Ubuntu. It provides for the following situations:
- setting up automated deployments;
- upgrading from older installations without network access;
- LVM and/or RAID partitioning;
- installs on systems with less than about 384MiB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
In the event that you encounter a bug using the alternate installer, please file a bug on the debian-installer package.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) alternate install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) alternate install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Wubi filesystem archive
This is a filesystem image downloaded by Wubi (a system which installs Ubuntu into disk image files on a Windows filesystem). You should not normally need to download it separately.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) Wubi filesystem archive For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) Wubi filesystem archive Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
A full list of available files, including BitTorrent files, can be found below.
If you need help burning these images to disk, see the Image Burning Guide.
Ubuntu is distributed on eight types of images described below.
Desktop CD
The desktop CD allows you to try Ubuntu without changing your computer at all, and at your option to install it permanently later. This type of CD is what most people will want to use. You will need at least 384MiB of RAM to install from this CD.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) desktop CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) desktop CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Server install CD
The server install CD allows you to install Ubuntu permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install a graphical user interface.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) server install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) server install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Alternate install CD
The alternate install CD allows you to perform certain specialist installations of Ubuntu. It provides for the following situations:
- setting up automated deployments;
- upgrading from older installations without network access;
- LVM and/or RAID partitioning;
- installs on systems with less than about 384MiB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
In the event that you encounter a bug using the alternate installer, please file a bug on the debian-installer package.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) alternate install CD For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) alternate install CD Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
Wubi filesystem archive
This is a filesystem image downloaded by Wubi (a system which installs Ubuntu into disk image files on a Windows filesystem). You should not normally need to download it separately.
There are two images available, each for a different type of computer:
PC (Intel x86) Wubi filesystem archive For almost all PCs. This includes most machines with Intel/AMD/etc type processors and almost all computers that run Microsoft Windows, as well as newer Apple Macintosh systems based on Intel processors. Choose this if you are at all unsure. 64-bit PC (AMD64) Wubi filesystem archive Choose this to take full advantage of computers based on the AMD64 or EM64T architecture (e.g., Athlon64, Opteron, EM64T Xeon, Core 2). If you have a non-64-bit processor made by AMD, or if you need full support for 32-bit code, use the Intel x86 images instead.
A full list of available files, including BitTorrent files, can be found below.
If you need help burning these images to disk, see the Image Burning Guide.
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